From ConPlanet

Laefêvëši
Laefêvëši
Pronunciation	/laeˈfɛːvəʃi/
Spoken in	Samarkainia,  Toitūkōlad
Total speakers	—
Language family	Samar-Kōladian Samarkainian Old Laefêvëši Middle Laefêvëši Laefêvëši
Writing system	Latin, Samarkainian Runes
Official status
Official language in	Samarkainia
Recognised minority language in	Toitūkōlad  Vösia
Regulated by	Samarkainian Linguistic Centre, Esolténnea
Language codes
ISO 639-1	None
ISO 639-2	–
ISO 639-3	–
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Laefêvëši (sometimes Anglicised as Laefeveshi), or Laef for short, is the main language of Samarkainia. It is also spoken in several other countries, most notably in  Toitūkōlad and  Vösia. It is part of a larger language family which includes, among other languages, also Reȯkōlad (the main language of Toitūkōlad).

Laefêvëši is known by its unusually rich phonetic inventory, because it has 26 vowels (not including diphthongs and triphthongs) and 50 consonants. Morphologically it's agglutinative and polysynthetic.

Contents 1 Distribution 2 Dialects 3 History 4 Phonology 5 Writing system 5.1 Latitheo 5.2 Basic Latitheo 5.3 Runes 5.4 Lallentva 6 Grammar 6.1 Nouns 6.2 Adjectives 6.3 Pronouns 6.4 Numerals 6.5 Verbs 7 Vocabulary 7.1 Texts 7.2 Songs 8 Examples

Distribution

The map on the right shows the distribution of Laefêvëši on Daia.

The dark green shows where Laefêvëši is the official state language:

•  Samarkainia

The green shows where the language is a recognised regional language:

•  Toitūkōlad
•  Vösia

The light green shows where the language is only a small minority:

•  Hyldia
•  Nithalosia
•  Nunshavi
•  Rasoran Union
•  Saaret
•  Country 27
•  Eperne

Laefêvëši is also the lingua franca in fields of science, technology, aviation, culture and arts.

Dialects

History

Laefeveshi is a language with long history. It is part of a larger Samarkainian language family which includes a total of 12 languages. The proto language, Proto-Samarkainian, was spoken before 1300 BCE. Laefeveshi is considered the most direct descendant of the PS language. It's divided into three stages, Old Laefeveshi (spoken 1300 BCE to 500 CE), Middle Laefeveshi (spoken 500 CE to 1500 CE) and Modern Laefeveshi (spoken after 1500 CE). The oldest attested writings in Old Laefeveshi are in the runic alphabet from around 1450 BCE.

Phonology

Laefêvëši vowels

	Front				Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
	Unrounded		Rounded								Unrounded		Rounded
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i	i:	y	y:									u	u:
Near-close					ɪ	ɪ:			ʊ	ʊ:
Close-mid	e	e:	ø	ø:									o	o:
Mid							ə	ə:
Open-mid	ɛ	ɛ:									ʌ	ʌ:	ɔ	ɔ:
Open							a	a:

Laefêvëši consonants

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Alveo- palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	Plain	m			n			ɲ	ŋ
	Gemiante	m:			n:
Plosive	Plain	p b			t d				k ɡ
	Geminate	p: b:			t: d:				k: ɡ:
	Aspirated	pʰ			tʰ				kʰ
Fricative	Plain		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ			x ɣ
	Geminate		f: v:	θ: ð:	s: z:
Affricate	Plain				ʦ ʣ	ʧ	ʥ
	Aspirated				ʦʰ	ʧʰ
Approximant								j	w
Trill					r
Flap or tap					ɾ
Lateral approximant	Plain				l			ʎ
	Geminate				l:

Writing system

Laefeveshi uses two types of writing systems, the traditional runic alphabet and alternative Latin writing. There have been many attempts to write Laefeveshi with Latin letters but because of its rich phonology it has proven to be very difficult to find an appropriate romanization. However, an ancient writing system is now predominately used country-wise. The runic alphabet is the traditional writing system of Laefeveshi (although often referred to as the Samarkainian runes) whereas the Lallentva script is now used to write all the Samarkainian languages in.

Latitheo

The romanization of the Laefeveshi language is called Látiþeo or latitheo in English. The current official system uses a large number of letters, many with diacritics, but the system includes some alternatives to the official standards. In the two tables below are included only the official letters.

Laefêvëši vowels

	Front				Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
	Unrounded		Rounded								Unrounded		Rounded
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i, ü	í, ű	y	ý									u	ú
Near-close					ī	î			ū	û
Close-mid	e	é	ø, ö	ǿ, ő									o	ó
Mid							ë, ä
Open-mid	ē	ê									ā	â	ō	ô
Open							a	á, ă

Laefêvëši consonants

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Alveo- palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	Plain	m			n			nj	ŋ
	Gemiante	mm			nn
Plosive	Plain	p b			t d				k ɡ
	Geminate	pp bb			tt dd				kk ɡg
	Aspirated	pħ			tħ				kħ
Fricative	Plain		f v	þ ð	s z	š/ś ž/ź			h x
	Geminate		ff vv	þþ ðð	ss zz
Affricate	Plain				c ʒ	č/ć	ǯ/ȝ
	Aspirated				cħ	čħ/ćħ
Approximant								j/ŗ	ƿ/w
Trill					rr
Flap or tap					r
Lateral approximant	Plain				l			lj
	Geminate				ll

Alternatives:

• the letter <ʒ> can be replaced by <dz>
• the letter <ǯ> can be replaced by <dž>
• the letter <ȝ> can be replaced by <dź>
• the letter <ƿ> can be replaced by <w>

Silent letters:

• the letter <ŗ> is now often silent with no pronunciation (in some places it's pronounced as /j/)

Letters:

Aa, Áá, Āā, Ââ, Ăă, Bb, Cc, Ʒʒ, Ćć, Ȝȝ, Čč, Ǯǯ, Dd, Ee, Éé, Ēē, Êê, Ëë, Ää, Ff, Gg, Xx, Hh, Ħħ, Ii, Íí, Īī, Îî, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ŋŋ, Oo, Óó, Ōō, Ôô, Öö, Őő, Øø, Ǿǿ, Pp, Rr, Ŗŗ, Ss Þþ, Śś, Šš, Tt, Uu, Úú, Ūū, Ûû, Üü, Űű, Vv, Ww, Ƿƿ, Yy, Ýý, Zz, Ðð, Źź, Žž

Basic Latitheo

The so-called "basic Latitheo" was devised to allow writing Laefêvëši with any possible font that uses the basic Latin letters.

Laefevhvexhsqi vowels

	Front				Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
	Unrounded		Rounded								Unrounded		Rounded
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i	igh	y	zgh							uxh	uqh	u	ugh
Near-close					ibh	ivh			ubh	uvh
Close-mid	e	egh	onh	omh									o	ogh
Mid							exh	axh
Open-mid	ebh	evh	oxh	oqh							abh	avh	obh	ovh
Open							a	agh, agbh

Double vowels:

• āā -> abbh
• ēē -> ebbh
• īī -> ibbh
• ōō -> obbh
• ūū -> ubbh
• ëë -> exxh
• öö -> oxxh
• üü -> uxxh

Laefevhvexhsqi consonants

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Alveo- palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	Plain	m			n			nj	nq
	Gemiante	mm			nn
Plosive	Plain	p b			t d				k ɡ
	Geminate	pp bb			tt dd				kk ɡg
	Aspirated	ph			th				kh
Fricative	Plain		f v	tq dq	s z	sq zq	sjq zjq		hq x
	Geminate		ff vv	ttq ddq	ss zz
Affricate	Plain				c dz	cq dzq	cjq dzjq
	Aspirated				ch	cqh	cjqh
Approximant					rq			j	w
Trill					rr
Flap or tap					r
Lateral approximant	Plain				l			lj
	Geminate				ll

Runes

Runes or Samarkainian runic alphabet (SRA) is official writing system of Samarkainia, alongside with romanization latitheo. Runes are still widely used and in some areas are even dominant over latitheo. The SRA has 50 letter with some additional characters.

Letters:

ᛁ, ᚣ, ᚥ, ᚢ, ᛄ, ᚤ, ᛖ, ᛡ, ᛟ, ᛇ, ᚬ, ᚯ, ᛮ, ᛅ, ᚨ, ᚮ, ᛗ, ᚾ, ᛜ, ᛝ, ᛈ ,ᛒ, ᛏ, ᛞ, ᚸ, ᚷ, ᚠ, ᚴ, ᚦ, ᛨ, ᛊ, ᛉ, ᛋ, ᛣ, ᛠ, ᛯ, ᚻ, ᛤ, ᚳ, ᛩ, ᛥ, ᛪ, ᛕ, ᛰ, ᚿ, ᛃ ᚹ, ᛢ, ᚱ, ᛚ, ᚭ;
ᚺ, ᛌ,ᚲ

Lallentva

The Lallentva script, or just simply Lallentva, is now the predominately used writing system throughout the country. It is used as the writing system (besides Latin) for all Samarkainian languages. Lallentva has a separate letter for each sound. It is the universal writing system for Samarkainia.

Letters:

ꈤ, ꈣ, ꉘ, ꉗ, ꇤ, ꇣ, ꏲ, ꏱ,ꏢ, ꏡ, ꂷ, ꂶ, ꇴ. ꇳ. ꀧ. ꀦ, ꎍ, ꎌ, ꌂ, ꌁ, ꍓ, ꍒ, ꁘ, ꁗ, ꇁ, ꇀ, ꅂ, ꅁ, ꅐ, ꅏ, ꅔ, ꏾ,ꌩ, ꂓ, ꑣ, ꏽ, ꌨ, ꋖ, ꄻ, ꃼ, ꑀ, ꎤ, ꋣ, ꋕ, ꄺ,ꃻ, ꐿ, ꎣ, ꋢ, ꈴ, ꏪ, ꑓ, ꉻ, ꉩ, ꆩ, ꋂ, ꑭ, ꒆ, ꀜ, ꅵ, ꄣ, ꇠ, ꈠ, ꆣ, ꉺ, ꉨ, ꆨ, ꋁ, ꑬ, ꒅ, ꌋ, ꍧ, ꐚ, ꐆ, ꑿ, ꑗ, ꎰ, ꏋ, ꃬ, ꀪ, ꍫ, ꀆ, ꉁ, ꉂ, ꊰ, ꅪ, ꊯ

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in Laefêvëši are marked for both case and number. There are 26 cases divided into three groups and 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural). Nouns are also divided into two genders: masculine and feminine. Articles are not used any more, however, under some conditions they can be used but they do not mark definiteness in usual sense.

Adjectives

Adjectives in Laefêvëši are divided into three groups, each one expressing a different idea. They also decline for several cases and have different forms according to the gender and number of the noun they modify. The escalation of adjectives has several forms in two types.

Pronouns

Numerals

Verbs

Vocabulary

• Laefêvëši Swadesh list

Texts

• Iasmín Hŗënăētijas or The Lore of the Ancients

Songs

• Nwêmminâ (Samarkainian national anthem)
• Máivori
• Jáva látwâiše

Examples

Leemín váreh-es-ǿi tékem oðênimi, sú pḧívilae üttú-íða-Árkanase, láks ēēẑôloe-vä tëw Ajolíndase döm Asélelau l-Wèŗmenas kalűj išôþoloe üttúviili, arè Árkanas akḧólie Śóroleu táj-os; d-ǿi ĝéxet Ídamolu.

/lee'mi:n 'va:ɾexeˌsøi 'te:kem o'ðɛ:nimi | su: 'pʰi:vilae ɯˌt:u:ˌi:ða'a:ɾkanase | 'la:ks ɛɛ'ʥɔ:loeˌvə təw ajo'li:ndase dœm a'se:lelau 'lwɛɹmenas ka'lɯ:j i'ʃɔ:θoe ɯ't:u:viili | a'ɾɛ 'a:ɾkanas a'kʰo:lie ɕo:ɾoleu̯ 'ta:jos | 'døi 'ʤe:ɣet 'i:damolu/

English translation: The air around them was completely still while they watched dark clouds of the storm quickly approaching over the mountains from the west, putting valleys below into darkness as the clouds covered the sky above them; it was a calm before the storm.

v • d • e Samarkainian topics History Timeline • King Vetlên I. Sévrettē's reforms Politics and government Samarkainian Scientific and Cultural Organisation Geography Islands Alléteþ • Aŋhíteþ • Doksámar (mainland on Talvia) • Málteþ • Samárteþ • Vevéteþ Cities Esolténnea • Nóminjel • Ōkalênea  • Símpaivea Other Biodiversity Economy Currency • Transport Demographics Culture Samarkainian Song Contest Languages Official Laefêvëši Regional Alámëši • Fērjalêši • Jalassáši • Lajtánši • Lasmáši • Lêmjëši • Lošêirëši • Majêllëši • Mōjráši • Saljênši • Sinânëši Minority Kompekh • Reȯkōlad • Saitlaa • Riyon • Thaṣṙivṙal Symbols National flag • National anthem • Coat of arms Other topics

Laefêvëši pages
Laefêvëši · Runes · Lallêntva · Nouns · Cases · Adjectives · Pronouns · Numerals · Verbs · Conjugations · Mantjálaj · Adverbs · Prepositions · Swadesh list